The Emax II replaced the original Emax in fall 1989. It is a true 16-bit sampler with more polyphony and digital filters, priced from $3,595. The Emax II Turbo of 1990 added 8 MB of built-in sample memory and an internal SCSI hard disk. It stayed in production until 1995, one of the longest runs of any E-mu product.
The Emulator II, released in 1984, was E-mu's second sampler. It stayed an eight-bit machine but improved fidelity with companding converters and a 27.7 kHz sample rate, and it added resonant analog filters, more flexible editing and far better real-time control. At about $8,000 it was priced like the original, and far below a Fairlight.
FireworX is a multi-effects processor from the Danish company TC Electronic. It holds distortion, compression, noise and curve generators, ring modulation, vocoding, parametric EQ, tremolo, reverb and delay, and the effects can be routed in a large variety of ways. It won best Hardware Signal Processing Technology at the 1998 TEC Awards, and producers and DJs used it with CD players for live sets.
The Akai S950 is an expanded version of the S900 sampler, released in 1988 alongside the higher-end S1000. It took over some of the S1000's improvements, including time-stretching, and raised the maximum sample rate to 48 kHz. Like the rest of the S900 series, it can loop a sample alternating forwards and backwards, which the S1000 series cannot. Akai has discontinued it.
The Roland CR-68 is a non-programmable mono analog rhythm machine from the late 1970s. It shares the CR-78’s sound set and 54 preset rhythms but removes all user programming. Its controls — tempo, level, accent, balance — shape playback in real time. Fills trigger automatically or manually. It has no MIDI, no keyboard, no memory. Its sounds are now more often sampled than played live. Add N To (X) used it.
The TC Electronic 2290 P Dynamic Digital Delay is a guitar-focused delay, echo, and phrase sampler. No technical specifications are available. Its package weight is 1.7 kg. Nothing else is verified.
The Analog Rytm is a true analog drum synth. It gives each voice its own engine, up to six oscillators, and a 16-step sequencer. Its pads are velocity-sensitive but small. It enables radical timbral shifts across voices with minimal changes. It falls short on pad ergonomics, stereo per voice, and external audio input. It belongs in the studio of a sound designer—not a live beatmaker.
The Ensoniq DP/4 is a rack-mounted digital multi-effects processor. It uses four 24-bit DSPs to process four signals in parallel. Input gain is adjustable for saturation. Effects are intentionally non-realistic. Transformer noise occurs when idle. Front-panel editing is cumbersome. MIDI control via MIDIQuest is unreliable. The manual is unusable. An internal battery is user-replaceable.
The Make Noise DPO is a dual-oscillator Eurorack VCO built for FM synthesis and wavefolding. It produces deep, rich FM-type sounds using its dedicated wavefolder section. Its output is clean and cold—not Moog-style warm. It has no built-in LFO, envelope, or quantizer. It is not a full voice module. It is a precision tool for FM texture generation.
The Eventide DSP4000 is a discontinued multi-effects processor. It converts at 18 bits. It includes pitch shifting, reverb, and compression. Its effects span from subtle to cataclysmic. Learning it requires time and the manual.
The E-MU E4XT Ultra is a 1999 hardware sampler. It delivers verbatim audio playback, 128-voice polyphony, and studio-grade reliability. It has no onboard effects, shallow editing, and fixed storage. It belongs in a rack—not a laptop bag.
The E-mu Systems E6400 is a hardware sampler built for radical sample transformation — not faithful reproduction. Its strength is in routing: the modulation matrix and modular-style processing blocks (quantize, flipflop, diode, lag) let users rewire signal flow in ways few samplers allowed. Its SCSI support exceeds its 9GB spec — users ran 18GB drives. Its DACs are transparent; its ADCs are not. It includes Z-plane, formant, phaser, flanger, Doppler, bitreducer and Convolver tools — and its reverb uses impulse response sampling. It ships with EOS 3.00b and 1MB CPU RAM. It is for sound designers who treat samples as raw material to be corrupted, rerouted and convolved — not archived.
The Oberheim/Gibson Echoplex Digital Pro is a 1994 hardware looper built for live performance. It records 16-bit/44.1kHz audio to RAM, ships with 50 seconds of memory (expandable to 200), supports unlimited overdubs per loop, stores up to nine loops, and offers MIDI sync, reverse looping, and multiplay. It has no filtering, time stretching, pitch shifting, stereo effects, or resampling.
The Korg Electribe ER-1 is an affordable analogue beat unit. It gives bangs, buzzes, blips and spacey weird noises via four synth keys and four sampled percussion sounds. It saves up to 256 patterns, each up to 4 measures. Real-time changes — like jungle delayed drums or scratching sounds — save instantly. Its PCM sounds (Hclap, HiHat, Crash) are uninteresting. It connects via MIDI in/out/thru. Its housing is plastic.
The Korg Electribe ES-1 is a sampling sequencer built for live beat construction and loop manipulation.
The Korg Electribe SX (ESX-1) is a 2003 sample-based groovebox built for dance music production and live performance. It uses sample-based sound creation to generate 16 assignable parts—including nine one-shot drum parts, two keyboard parts for melodic playback, two stretch parts for tempo-adjusted loops, one slice part for rhythmic phrase division, one audio-in part, and one drum accent part. It ships with 196 preloaded samples, 128 factory patterns, and 3 demo songs. A major upgrade over earlier ElecTribe models, it offers 285 seconds of sample memory at 44.1kHz for up to 384 user samples, slicing at rhythmic peaks, Motion Sequencing for real-time parameter automation, and three stereo effects processors with chaining.
The E-mu Emulator III is a 1987 digital sound production system. It was E-mu's biggest and most professional sampler-synthesizer before the 1990s. It was the first sampler to offer 16-bit, 44.1 kHz stereo or mono sampling. RAM is 4 MB expandable to 8 MB. It includes extensive sample editing features including looping and rate conversions. Its on-board 16-track sequencer and arpeggiator are superb. It is equipped with MIDI, SMPTE, SCSI, a built-in disk drive, and multiple outputs. A Macintosh can be hooked up for graphical editing because the LED screen is so tiny.
The E-mu ESI-32 is a 1994 16-bit desktop sampler. It delivers 32-voice polyphony, stereo sampling at 22.05 or 44.1 kHz, and real-time editing including Doppler, exciter, and transform multiply. Base RAM is 2 MB—11 seconds at 44.1 kHz stereo—but expands to 32 MB (six minutes). Auto-looping, auto-truncate, and auto key placement streamline sampling. It requires SCSI peripherals and Turbo Expansion for digital I/O and extra effects. It does not support variable sampling rates, higher bit depths, or modern connectivity out of the box.
The Eventide H949 Harmonizer is a pitch shifter and time stretcher. It has no published technical specifications. It is also known as H949Harmonizer, H 949 Harmonizer, and H 949Harmonizer.
The Publison Infernal Machine 90 is a 3U rackmount analog/digital multi-effects processor built for video post-production. It delivers delay, echo, harmonizer, sampler, reverb, transposition, time compression/expansion, and DVR-style long-sample playback — all synchronised to SMPTE timecode. All programs are editable on-device; no external editor exists. It excels at frame-accurate effect triggering in film dubbing. It fails for anyone needing patch libraries, remote editing, or non-video workflows.
The Kurzweil K2600 is a 1999 workstation built for deep sound engineering — not quick playing. It uses V.A.S.T. synthesis with 60 DSP functions and 438 presets. It holds 12MB of sample ROM (expandable to 44MB) and 64MB of sampling RAM (expandable to 128MB). Its 32-track sequencer supports pattern, linear, and step recording, plus advanced editing. It processes external signals in real time via ADAT, TDIF, and AES/EBU — with any parameter modulating the input and 20-bit digital output. It falls short on immediacy, tactile control, and workflow clarity. It belongs in a fixed studio, not on stage or in a laptop bag.
The Leslie 122 is a rotating speaker cabinet designed for organs—not a preamp, not an effects unit, not a standalone amplifier. Its entire function depends on connection to a compatible organ like the Hammond M3. It offers no user controls. Its effect is purely mechanical: rotation creates tremolo and vibrato through air displacement. It cannot be used without modification for guitar or other instruments. It belongs only where an organ lives—and nowhere else.
The Korg M50 61 is a 2008 sampling workstation built for real-time layering and editing. It delivers 80-voice polyphony, 1077 samples across 608 editable programs, and up to 896 combinations — all controlled via an angled panel and full-size TouchView interface. It includes one GM2-compatible sound bank. It was reviewed as industry-ready but criticised for weak electro/lead sounds and lack of built-in sampler compared to the M3.
The Machinedrum SPS-1 gives you four distinct drum synthesis methods—TR emulation, FM, SP1200/Simmons sampling, and acoustic physical modelling—all editable per voice with multimode filtering, distortion, and sample-rate reduction. Its Extended sequencer stores kits and tweaks across complex patterns; Classic mode abandons both. It delivers unmatched hybrid control—but demands patience, not immediacy.
The Oberheim Matrix-1000 is a 1987 rackmount analog synthesizer. It contains 1,000 Matrix 6 patches. Each voice has two DCOs, one low-pass filter, two VCAs, three envelope generators, two LFOs and two ramp generators. Editing requires external MIDI tools. It is optimised for pads, textures and ambient sound design.
The MPC1000 delivers the MPC workflow in a smaller, cheaper, more portable form. It adds six outputs, built-in effects, and memory expansion over the MPC2000 — while storing samples as WAV and sequences as MIDI on CompactFlash. Build quality is reduced, but sound quality is preserved. It is a sampling and sequencing instrument — not a synth, not a DAW, not a controller.
The MPC2500 upgrades the MPC2000 with 16-bit/44.1 kHz sampling, individually adjustable pad sensitivity, and the Grid editor — but keeps 64-track sequencing, 32-voice polyphony, and no automated effects sends.
The Akai MPC4000 is a 2002 hardware sampler sequencer built to lead the hardware sampler category. It has 16 velocity- and pressure-sensitive pads. It performs 96 kHz 24-bit sampling. It has 16 MB of sampling memory, upgradeable to 512 MB. It includes IDE bays for installing an internal hard disk drive and CD-ROM drive. It supports optional plug-in boards including Effects, ADAT, S/P-DIF & wordclock, and 8 analogue outputs boards. It has 2 MIDI inputs and 4 MIDI outputs. It was released in 2002 with the intent to lead hardware samplers.
The MPC500 is Akai’s entry-level sampling sequencer—a portable, self-contained beat-making station built for quick capture, arrangement, and performance.
The Korg MS-50 is a 1978 keyboard-less analog expander module. It has one VCO, two VCFs (highpass and lowpass), two ADSRs, an LFO, pink and white noise, ring modulator, voltmeter, and sample & hold. It uses Hz/V CV/Gate control and was designed to complement the SQ-10 sequencer.
The Roland MV-8000 is a 2004 sampling sequencer built for producers who want to record, edit, sequence, and master full tracks without a computer.
The Roland MV-8800 is a sampling sequencer. It hosts VSTs internally. It requires external video monitoring. It accepts a USB mouse. It is complex. Its hard drive is slow. Its manual is poor. One user tested it for three hours in a retail store and found it capable of handling many music production tasks.
The Prophet 3000 is a sampler made by Sequential Circuits. That is all the source material says.
The QMMG is a filter module for modular synthesizers. That is all the sources confirm. It is made by Make Noise. It belongs in the category 'Filter modules for modular synthesizers'. Nothing else is verified.
The Roland R-70 is a 1992 full-sized, sample-playback drum machine from Roland’s R series. It offers up to 210 drum sounds across Rock, Jazz, Electronic, and Ethnic kits. It stores 100 programmable patterns and chains them into 20 songs. Its positional pad changes sound by strike location. It includes reverb, flanger, delay, chorus, and humanization. Sound editing is limited to attack, sustain, and pan. Its built-in sequencer is complex—users prefer external sequencing. Kick and cymbal sounds emulate the TR-808. It is a popular, all-purpose drum machine.
The Yamaha RS7000 is a 2001 groove production workstation. It combines sampling, sequencing, and AWM2 synthesis. It embeds sound and sample edits into patterns. It supports auto-beat slicing, pattern- and linear-based sequencing, and ROM-based sounds only.
The Yamaha RX11 is a 1984 digital drum machine using 29 fixed 8-bit PCM samples. It was built to accompany the DX7. Each sound has independent volume, pan, and a dedicated audio output. Its interface is laborious. Its sound is synthetic and dated — yet valued in electro and downtempo for its unvarnished 1980s character.
The Yamaha RX7 is a sample-based drum machine built for live trigger-based rhythm programming and studio sketching in the mid-1980s.
The Casio RZ-1 is a 1986 drum machine built for fast, physical beat-making — not pristine sound. It gives you twelve basic PCM drums, four lo-fi sample slots (0.2 seconds each at 20kHz), tone-only editing, 100 patterns, 20 songs, and ten discrete outputs with volume sliders. It does not do fidelity, flexibility, or effects. It does do immediacy, separation, and constraint-as-creative-tool.
The Roland S-750 is a 1992 hardware sampler built for deep, routed, real-time sampling work—not convenience or compatibility.
The Roland S-760 is a 1990 rackmount sampler. It samples at 44.1 kHz or 48 kHz with 16-bit stereo resolution. It supports 24-voice polyphony across 32 multitimbral parts. It uses no synthesis method beyond sampling. It has built-in filters but no effects.
The Akai S1100 is a sampler. Its name appears in alternate forms: 's1100' and 's 1100'. No technical specifications are available. Nothing else is confirmed.
The Akai S6000 is a 1999 rack sampler. It supports up to 256 MB RAM, optional SCSI hard drives, virtual hard disk sampling, and remote operation via detachable RS-232 screen. Its 26 filter types and extensive modulation routing enable synthesis from single-cycle waveforms. OS 2.14 resolved major bugs in OS 1.0. It includes a large built-in sound library.
The Akai S700 is a 1987 rack-mount 12-bit sampler derived from the X7000 keyboard model. It samples mono at 4–32 kHz, holds up to 8 seconds, but at 16 kHz allows only six 0.8-second samples. It offers 6-voice polyphony, non-resonant low-pass filtering, and QuickDisk storage. It is user-friendly but rigid: no stereo, no resonance, no modern file support, no workarounds.
The Roland SH-5 is a monophonic analog synthesizer introduced in 1976. It has two VCOs, two LFOs, two multi-mode filters, two VCAs, a 5-source mixer, stereo panning, portamento and ring modulation. It is no longer manufactured. No technical specifications are available.
The Eventide SP2016 Reverb plug-in is a faithful software recreation of the 1982 hardware unit. It gives users six algorithmic reverbs — Room, Stereo Room, and Hi-Density Plate, each in Vintage and Modern variants — with authentic early reflections, evolving echo density, and smooth decay. It prioritises immediacy and character over flexibility or physical accuracy.
The Spectralis is a 2004 hybrid instrument built for studio composition. It combines a monophonic Asynth (four digital oscillators, two analog filters, time linearity modulation) with a 32-voice, 3-part multi-timbral Dsynth engine (128 MB RAM, unrestricted sample import). Its sequencer ties both engines and external gear together with per-parameter automation. It has no audio interface, no velocity-sensitive Dsynth layers, and no DAW integration. It belongs in a production room — not on stage.
The Alesis SR-16 is a 1990 drum machine built for immediacy: twelve velocity-sensitive pads, four outputs, and step editing deliver fast, routable, mechanical rhythm tracks. Its Dynamic Articulation varies tone with hit strength. Its 233 samples sound distinctly synthetic—not acoustic, not modern. It was used by Autechre and Vangelis. It has no swing, no audio input, no built-in effects beyond reverb on some samples. It remains valuable for hands-on pattern building and discrete signal routing—but only if that’s what you need.
The Yamaha SU700 is a 1998 all-in-one sampler/sequencer music production studio designed for dance music creation.
The Sennheiser Vocoder 2000 is a fully analog, rack-mount vocoder released around 2002. It uses discrete-component circuitry. It includes an internal oscillator with pitch modulation, an internal noise source, and a noise gate. It requires no external sound source. Both white-face and black-face versions share identical analog circuitry.
The Roland XV-5080 is a 2000 rack-mount sound module built for studio composers needing stereo sample playback, deep modulation via Matrix Control, and expandability through SRX and SR-JV80 boards. It reads Akai S1000 and Roland S-700 CD-ROMs via SCSI, supports up to 128MB of sample memory, and includes COSM effects and digital outputs — features the XV-3080 lacks. It offers no keyboard, no sequencer, no USB, and demands physical navigation. It belongs in a fixed studio with legacy hardware — not on a laptop stand.
The Yamaha CS-15 is a monophonic analog synthesizer produced by Yamaha from 1979 to 1982. It features two voltage-controlled oscillators, two 12 dB/Oct multi-mode voltage-controlled filters (low-pass, high-pass or band-pass), two ADSR envelopes and a low-frequency oscillator. It also features white noise and an external-in for processing other sounds. The CS-15 offers great flexibility with various routing possibilities to the filters and envelopes. You can, for example, route VCO 1 to both VCFs and the VCFs to any of the envelopes positive or negative voltage. It's actually a duophonic / bitimbral synthesizer but you have to connect it to two separate CV/Gate controls (Hz/V like Korg synthesizers not V/Oct) to play the extra voice. In the CS series, the CS-5, CS-10, CS-30 and CS-30L were similar in sound, structure and design. The CS-5 and CS-10 had a single oscillator and one multimode filter, whereas the CS-15, CS-30 and CS-30L each had two oscillators that could be routed in various ways through two multimode filters.
A foundational but bare-bones sampler that traded sonic refinement for accessibility.
The Bombardier M5000 is a light rail vehicle. TC Electronic is an audio equipment company. They have no relationship. The M5000 uses pre-recorded WAV files for warnings — but offers no user-accessible audio controls, no synthesis, no sampling, no modulation, no inputs or outputs. It is not an instrument. It is not software. It is not part of TC Electronic’s product line. It belongs in transport policy, not in an audio brief.
The Ensoniq Mirage is an 8-bit sampling keyboard introduced in late 1984 as Ensoniq's first product. It offered eight-voice polyphony, analog Curtis CEM3328 filtering, and wavetable synthesis via alternative OS. It booted and stored data on a built-in 3.5-inch floppy drive — one of the first consumer uses of that format. Priced at $1695, it sold 8,000 units in its first year, undercutting the Fairlight CMI and E-MU Emulator.
The Elektron Monomachine is a 2007 hardware synthesizer and music sequencer. It runs six sequencer tracks, each assigned one of five synthesis engines: SID, VO, FM+, SuperWave, or DigiPro. Every step stores a full snapshot of all track parameters — what Elektron calls parameter locks. It routes audio to six mono or three stereo outputs. Two physical variants exist: the SFX-6 keyboard version with joystick, and the SFX-60 desktop module. The MkII revision improved signal-to-noise ratio, reduced size, and added user waveform support via OS 1.20.
The Moog synthesizer is a modular, voltage-controlled analog synthesizer invented by Robert Moog in 1964. It was the first commercial synthesizer and established the analog synthesizer concept through its use of patch-cord-connected modules—including voltage-controlled oscillators, filters, envelope generators, and amplifiers—to implement subtractive synthesis.
The Elektron Octatrack DPS-1 is a sampling instrument built for real-time, step-sequenced audio manipulation. It loads samples from CompactFlash or live inputs, plays them across eight tracks, and sequences both audio and MIDI with the same button grid. Its strength is tight integration and tactile control. Its limits are RAM-only editing, no non-destructive tools, and no timeline-based workflow.
The Roland R-8 is a 1989 PCM drum machine built for expressive, human-sounding rhythm programming—not raw sound design or live sampling.
The Yamaha RX-5 is a 1986 programmable digital sample-based drum machine. It delivers 24 built-in and 28 cartridge-based digitally sampled sounds. It has 12 individual outputs—one per vertical drum pad pair. It supports sound editing including chromatic pitch, envelope, reverse, and damp. Its sequencer records up to 100 patterns in Real Time or Step Time, with lengths up to 99 bars.
The Roland S-50 is a 61-key 12-bit sampler keyboard introduced in 1986. It uses variable sampling rates (15–30 kHz), stores samples on a 3.5-inch DSDD floppy disk drive, supports external CRT monitor editing, and holds up to 32 samples. A rack-mounted version with expanded memory was also available.
The Akai S3000XL is a 16-bit sampler released in 1995. It has 32-voice polyphony and 2 MB of built-in RAM. It loads samples via a 3.5" floppy drive or SCSI-connected devices. Its large screen and intuitive interface enable quick and in-depth sample editing. Akai discontinued production and support, but many working units remain in studios worldwide.
The Akai S900 is a 12-bit sampler introduced in 1986. It supports up to six active samples simultaneously. Its firmware became upgradable via floppy disk from version 1.2. It features alternating forward-and-backward looping — a capability absent in the later S1000 series. An expanded variant, the S950, followed in 1988.
The Boss SP-202 is a portable sampling workstation released in 1998. It succeeded Roland's MS-1 Digital Sampler. It has eight pads, four banks, two control knobs, a built-in microphone, six built-in effects, BPM-based looping, user-selectable sampling grade per pad, and sampling capacity of 4 minutes 20 seconds internally or up to 37 minutes with a SmartMedia card. It was built for club DJs, hip-hop and dance music artists.
The Boss SP-303 is a 2001 digital sampler with eight pads, four soundbanks, three minutes and twelve seconds of sampling, twenty-six internal effects, and a built-in pattern sequencer. It was used by J Dilla, Madlib, Animal Collective, Panda Bear, Four Tet, and Moka Only. Dilla used it with a 45 record player to make 29 of the 31 tracks on Donuts while hospitalized. Madlib used it with a portable turntable and cassette deck to produce most of Madvillainy.
The Roland V-Synth is a 2003 polyphonic synthesizer combining multiple oscillator technologies and built-in sampling, featuring arpeggiation, COSM filtering, and expandable vocoder/vocal synthesis via VC-2; the XT variant is a rack-mount module.
Braids delivers radical timbral variety in minimal space—but with no internal editing, no tuning stability guarantees, and no analogue circuitry. It is a selector, not a synthesizer.
Clouds is a granular audio processor for Eurorack that transforms live input into dense, overlapping grains. It records continuously into a short, variable buffer (up to 8 seconds), allows freezing that buffer to isolate a sonic space, and provides hands-on control over grain position, size, pitch, density, timing distribution, and envelope shape. A diffuser blurs transients using all-pass filters. It supports 40–60 concurrent grains and operates in stereo with extensive CV control, dry/wet blending, feedback, and reverb-like effects during freeze mode. It does not store or recall samples, nor does it support offline processing or waveform editing.
The Korg DDD-1 is a 1986 sampling drum machine with 14 velocity-sensitive pads, 12-bit samples, limited user sampling, five dynamic envelopes, and ROM card expansion (up to four cards, eight sounds each). It has 18 presets and six assignable audio outputs.
The Drumtraks is a 1984 sample-based drum machine by Sequential Circuits. It was the company’s first drum machine and first sample-based product. It featured early MIDI implementation, ROM-swappable sounds, velocity-sensitive MIDI input, and flexible synchronization with both MIDI and legacy gear.
The Korg DSS-1 is a 1986 polyphonic sampling synthesizer combining sampling, additive synthesis, and hand-drawn waveform creation with an analog signal path. Its 12-bit sampler supports fixed rates from 16–48kHz, yielding up to 16 seconds of recording at the lowest rate. Its synthesis architecture emulates subtractive analog design with dual oscillators, switchable VCF slopes, and an extended ADBSSR envelope.
The Emax is a line of samplers introduced by E-mu Systems in 1986 as a low-cost version of the Emulator II. It stored samples on 3½" floppy disks — more reliable than the Emulator II’s 5¼" disks. Models include the HD (with 20 MB hard drive), SE (with additive synthesis), and Plus (with SCSI). All models retain 512 KB of sample memory.
Mutable Instruments Marbles is a Eurorack module for generative timing and control voltage. It uses hardware randomness, memory-based reuse (DEJA VU), and adaptive quantization (STEPS) to produce rhythm and pitch that respond to player input. It has no audio output, no presets, no MIDI, and no visual interface beyond LEDs. Its strength is in linking decision-making across domains—timing, pitch, and memory—in real time.
MATHS is a 20hp Eurorack module by Make Noise Music that functions as an analog computer for generating, transforming, and routing control voltages and digital timing signals. It extends Buchla’s legacy of analog control voltage processing, enabling scaling, inversion, amplification, integration, arithmetic, logic, and autonomous function generation — including LFOs and envelopes — with timing ranging from milliseconds to minutes.
The Waldorf Microwave is a hybrid wavetable-analogue synthesizer whose distinctiveness comes from forcing digital waveforms through characterful analogue filters — not from flexibility, expansion, or modern workflow features.
The Eventide Orville is a dual-DSP, 24-bit digital audio processor with fully flexible I/O routing, near-three-minute sampling (DSP A), 40-second delay on both engines, UltraShifter™, DistortionCurve™ analog distortion modelling, and Predictive Vocoder™ based on a high-resolution physical model of the vocal tract. Firmware updates require Windows XP and a USB-to-serial adapter—and delete all User Programs unless backed up.
Plaits is a decisive instrument. It forces choices — bank or trigger, pitch or noise, sweep or strike. It gives no second chances, no presets, no visual confirmation. But within those limits, it delivers sixteen coherent sonic identities in one compact, power-efficient package.
René is a 34hp Eurorack module that functions as a three-channel, three-dimensional Cartesian sequencer, enabling real-time, performative programming and delivering maximal musical variation from minimal analog input; it stores up to 64 complete STATEs and features simultaneous Snake and Cartesian patterns, visual feedback via illuminated knobs and touch buttons, and Select Bus integration with TEMPI.
A foundational sampling drum machine introduced in 1985. Built for immediacy, not refinement.
The Eventide Space is a reverb-and-delay pedal offering 12 algorithmic spatial effects—including Hall, Plate, Blackhole®, and Shimmer—controlled via 10 knobs, MIDI, expression pedal, or HotSwitch. It features 100 presets (some artist-designed), true analog bypass, tap tempo/MIDI clock sync, and mono/stereo I/O in a rugged metal pedal format. Software tools FactorLib and H9 Control manage presets; the SpaceTime algorithm combines modulation, two delays, and reverb.
The Ensoniq ASR-10 is a 1992 sampling keyboard designed for live performance and self-contained music production. It integrates sampling, synthesis, sequencing, and effects in one unit. It loads samples while playing. It layers up to eight samples per instrument. It modulates them with envelopes, filters, LFOs, and real-time controls. It sequences with 16 tracks at 96 PPQN. It applies up to 62 effects — including vocoder and distortion — and resamples with them. It records to SCSI hard drives or proprietary 3.5-inch floppies. Its SCSI implementation rejects many common drives unless specially flashed. It ships in keyboard, weighted (ASR-88), and rackmount (ASR-10R) versions. It is the third-generation EPS-series sampler. It runs at 16-bit, 29.7619 kHz or 44.1 kHz. It ships with 2MB RAM, expandable to 16MB.
The Buchla Electronic Musical Instruments (1965) were modular, voltage-controlled systems designed for creating novel sounds—not imitating existing ones—using touch/pressure interfaces instead of keyboards, with synthesis based on FM, AM, and dynamic waveshaping.
The Ensoniq EPS is a 13-bit sampling keyboard introduced in 1988 as the Mirage's successor. It uses dual processors and a dedicated sound engine to enable load-while-play. It reads double-density 3.5" floppies formatted to 800k. It integrates MIDI for control or computer connection. Early units suffered mechanical issues with their polypressure keyboard.
The EPS-16 Plus is a purpose-built 1990 sampler that trades flexibility for immediacy. It records mono, plays back 16-bit samples at seven fixed rates, and routes everything through stereo panning and 13 effects. Its ES5505 OTIS chip gives it tight, responsive playback—but no sample rate conversion, no stereo input, and no non-destructive editing. Turbo versions added flash and SCSI, but Ensoniq replaced it with the ASR-10 in 1992. It belongs in a room where decisions are made by ear and fingers—not by menu diving.
The FS1R is a rare hybrid: a formant-driven FM module that expanded what FM synthesis could model — but collapsed under its own complexity. It delivered new waveforms, deeper operator mapping, and vocal resonance no DX7 could match. Yet its interface, manual, and lack of tactile feedback made it a lab tool, not a stage instrument. Its legacy lives in Montage — but not its formants.
The Kurzweil K2000 is a digital synthesizer and music workstation introduced in 1991, built around the V.A.S.T. digital signal processing architecture. V.A.S.T. allows users to select different signal paths containing different DSP functions for sound creation and shaping. It includes an extensive modulation system where modulation sources can be assigned to parameters and combined. The instrument was available in keyboard and rack-mountable formats and included 16-bit user sampling.
The Roland MC-909 is a 2002 groovebox built for live pattern performance. It merges ROM-based synthesis, sampling, and 16-track sequencing into one hardware unit. Its strength is immediacy: hands-on control, fast patch loading, and real-time pattern switching. Its limits are hard-coded: buggy OS, shallow sample editing, rigid pattern flow, and no true synthesis — only tone layering from fixed PCM waves. It belongs on stage, not in a modern production chain.
Nagra recorders were Swiss-engineered portable analog tape machines built for professional film and broadcast sound capture from 1951 onward. They prioritised mechanical reliability, sync accuracy, and tactile control over flexibility or convenience. Their dominance lasted until digital alternatives offered file-based workflows, multitrack capability, and lighter weight.
The Nord Modular is a 1997 software-based semi-modular synthesizer that uses DSP to emulate analogue circuitry and supports multiple synthesis methods including subtractive, additive, FM, and physical modelling. Patch editing is performed on a PC using graphical editor software, while sound generation occurs independently on the hardware. Patch complexity is constrained by available DSP resources, and polyphony varies from 4 to 32 voices depending on patch complexity. It was upgraded in 2004 as the Nord Modular G2 with endless rotary knobs and a larger keyboard with aftertouch.
The Prophet 2000 is Sequential Circuits’ first sampler — released in 1985. It uses 12-bit sampling at up to 41.667 kHz, with 256 kilowords of memory. It offers 8-voice polyphony and early multitimbral operation via MIDI channels. Its analog VCFs and VCAs give it warmth absent in later samplers. It was relatively affordable at £2,000.
The Akai S3000XL is a 1995 sampling instrument with 32-voice polyphony and 2 MB of RAM. It features a large screen and intuitive interface for fast sample editing. It loads sounds via a 3.5" floppy drive and SCSI port, and plays back MIDI files for live triggering. Akai discontinued it in 1995. It belongs to the S3000 series, which succeeded the S1000 series and offered optional CD-ROM.
The S612 was Akai’s first rack-format digital sampler — 12-bit, single-sample, one-second max at 32 kHz, loaded via external Quick Disk drive. It defined the form factor and affordability threshold for what followed, but offered no polyphony, no internal storage, and no upgrade path.
The Serge synthesizer is an analogue modular system developed at CalArts in late 1972. It was built to be inexpensive and powerful, a democratic alternative to Buchla systems. It shipped as DIY kits assembled unofficially on a CalArts balcony. Modules expose circuit aspects on the front panel for unconventional patching. All signals use banana jacks—no separation between audio and control voltage. Stackable banana plugs reduce the need for mults. One unit was used on the 1975 Greenpeace anti-whaling expedition to approximate and broadcast whale sounds.
The E-mu SP-1200 is a sampling drum machine introduced in August 1987 by E-mu Systems. It uses 12-bit linear sampling at 26.04 kHz, drop-sample pitch-shifting, analog SSM2044 lowpass filters on channels 1 and 2, volatile RAM loaded from 3.5" disk, and offers 10 seconds of total sampling time—with a 2.5-second limit per sound. It succeeded the SP-12 and offered integrated sequencing and sample looping in a single unit.
The SP-404 is a dedicated, tactile sampler built for speed and texture — not precision or polish.
The SP-808 is a self-contained sampling workstation built for immediacy—not convenience. Its limits are absolute: four stereo voices, Zip-only storage, no modern connectivity. Its strength is integration: sampler, synth, and sequencer in one tactile unit, holding over 1,000 samples internally while demanding physical media discipline.
The Yamaha SY77 is a 1989 16-voice multitimbral workstation combining AFM (expanded 6-operator FM), AWM2 PCM sampling, and their real-time hybrid RCM. It features a 61-key keyboard with velocity and aftertouch, two modulation wheels, pitch wheel, backlit LCD, floppy drive, expansion slots, on-board effects, and a 16,000-note sequencer. AWM2 waveforms can be used standalone, layered with FM Elements, or — uniquely in the SY/TG series — as modulators for FM operators. Its AFM is a superset of the DX7’s FM, adding waveforms, algorithms, feedback routing, and filter integration.
The TR-505 delivers rigid, punchy sequencing with integrated Latin percussion — but its 8-voice limit forces trade-offs no modern sequencer accepts.
The Korg Triton is a 1999 music workstation synthesizer with digital sampling and sequencing. It introduced 62-note polyphony, dual polyphonic arpeggiators, RPPR phrase recording, onboard sampling with expandable RAM, five insert effects per Program, dual filters per oscillator (24dB/octave low-pass or parallel 12dB/octave HP/LP), faster touchscreen response, category search UI, and expanded memory and outputs. It was available in 61-, 76-, and 88-key Classic versions and as a rackmount Triton-Rack with optional ADAT/Word Clock via EXB-DI.
The EMS VCS 3 is a portable analogue synthesizer introduced in 1969 by Electronic Music Studios. Designed largely by David Cockerell and styled by Tristram Cary, it uses a pin-based patchboard matrix instead of cables. It lacks a built-in keyboard, making it better suited for sound effects generation and external signal processing than melodic playing. Its tuning instability stems from exponential voltage-to-frequency conversion. It was one of the first portable commercially available synthesizers, housed entirely in a small wooden case.
PPG Wave pioneered real-time interpolated wavetable scanning—making timbre itself a sequenced parameter. Its hybrid digital-analog signal path (digital oscillators, analog filters and VCAs) delivered spectral animation impossible on analog synths of the era. But it demands peripheral hardware for editing, sampling, or expressive control—and offers no direct waveform manipulation or polyphonic sequencing. It belongs in a studio built for sound design, not stage performance.
The Korg Wavestation is a vector and wavetable synthesizer introduced in 1990. It uses Wave Sequencing — a method of multi-timbral sound generation using successively played PCM waveforms — combined with Advanced Vector Synthesis, allowing dynamic mixing and morphing between up to four oscillators. It enables crossfading up to 255 waveforms, jumping to any PCM wave in ROM, and generating complex, evolving timbres and rhythmic sequences from a single keypress. Unlike contemporaries, it lacks an onboard sequencer and is designed as a 'pure' synthesizer.
The Korg Z1 is a 1997 digital synthesizer using physical modelling synthesis with 12-voice polyphony. It extends Korg's MOSS system—first introduced in the 1995 Prophecy—into a polyphonic, multitimbral format, incorporating OASYS-based physical modelling engines, two physically modelled oscillators per voice plus sub-oscillator and noise generator, and performance features including a 61-note keyboard with aftertouch and an XY touchpad.
The Fairlight CMI defined sampling by doing it first — not perfectly, but decisively. It traded fidelity for immediacy, memory for recognisability, and speed for novelty. Its legacy is linguistic and architectural: it gave sampling a name, and built the first workstation where sound, sequence, and synth shared one chassis.
The Linn LM-1 is the first programmable drum machine to use digital samples of acoustic drums. Released in 1980, it replaced preset patterns with human-performed, non-degrading sounds. Its quantization enforced perfect sixteenth-note timing. It offered twelve fixed samples—mostly played by Art Wood—with handclaps by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. It had no synthesis, no editing, no velocity response, and no visual feedback beyond LEDs. It helped establish drum machines as credible tools in popular music.
The MPC60 redefined beat-making by collapsing sampling, sequencing, and performance into one hardware instrument. Its strength is immediacy. Its weakness is inflexibility.
The Akai S1000 was a 16-bit stereo digital sampler released in 1988. It offered CD-quality sampling, 24-bit internal processing, digital filters, effects routing, and early timestretching. It read CD-ROMs and wrote to SCSI hard disks. Its timestretching was crude but sonically distinctive—used on 'Higher State of Consciousness' and 'RipGroove'. It displaced the S900 as the studio standard.
The Synclavier was not a keyboard for players. It was a digital sound laboratory — built for engineers, not performers. Its additive core was brittle. Its sampling was revolutionary. Its 100 kHz rate had no peer. Its role in film sound began at Glen Glenn Sound. Its legacy is infrastructural: the first hard-disk recorder, the first layered digital timbre system, the first computer-based sound editor. It belongs in history — not on a stage.